Treinamento de habilidades sociais educativas com mães de pré-adolescentes com deficiência auditiva / Entrenamiento de habilidades sociales educativas con madres de preadolescentes con deficiencia auditiva / Training of educational social skills in mothers of preadolescents with hearing impairment

RESUMO. Desenvolveu-se um Programa de Treinamento de Habilidades Sociais Educativas com mães de pré-adolescentes com deficiência auditiva. Duas mães constituíram o Grupo Experimental (GE) e duas, o Controle (GC). Buscou-se avaliar os efeitos do Programa no repertório de comportamentos das mães e dos filhos por meio do Roteiro de Entrevista de Habilidades Sociais Educativas Parentais (RE-HSE-P) e o do Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Foi utilizado o método Jacobson Truax para análise dos dados do RE-HSE-P, obtendo mudanças confiáveis em relação ao incremento das habilidades sociais educativas positivas e das habilidades sociais infantis para o GE. Os dados do CBCL indicaram problemas de comportamento internalizantes no GE e em um participante do GC e problemas de comportamento externalizantes em um participante do GC na pré e na pós-intervenção e na avaliação follow up (para o GE). Acredita-se que o desenvolvimento de Programas nestes moldes pode se constituir em um importante aliado da fonoterapia.

RESUMEN. Se desarrolló un Programa de Entrenamiento de Habilidades Sociales Educativas con madres de preadolescentes con deficiencia auditiva. Dos madres constituyeron el Grupo Experimental (GE) y dos el Grupo Control (GC). Se buscó evaluar los efectos del Programa en el repertorio de comportamientos de las madres y de los hijos por medio de la Guía de Entrevista de Habilidades Sociales Educativas Parentales (GE-HSE-P) y de la Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Se utilizó el método Jacobson Truax para análisis de los datos del GE-HSE-P, obteniéndose cambios confiables en relación al incremento de las habilidades sociales educativas positivas y de las habilidades sociales infantiles para el GE. Los datos del CBCL indicaron problemas de comportamiento internalizantes en el GE y en un participante del GC y problemas de comportamiento externalizantes en un participante del GC en la pre y en la postintervención y en la evaluación follow up (para el GE). Se cree que el desarrollo de estos modelos de Programas pueda constituirse en un importante aliado de la fonoterapia.

ABSTRACT. A Parental Social Skills Program was conducted with mothers of preadolescents with hearing impairment. Two mothers were included in the Experimental Group (EG) and two in the Control Group (CG). The study evaluated the effects of the Program on the repertoire of behaviors of mothers and children using the Interview Script for Parental Social Skills (IS-PSS) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The Jacobson Truax method was applied to analyze data of the RE-HSE-P, achieving reliable changes concerning the increment of positive educational social skills and child social skills for the EG. Data of the CBCL indicated internalizing behavior disorders in the EG and in one participant of CG, and externalizing behavior disorders in one participant of the CG before and after intervention and on the follow-up evaluation (for the EG). It is believed that the development of programs like this may constitute an important aid in auditory rehabilitation.

Percepción de la imagen corporal en preadolescentes escolares del norte de México: género y nivel socioeconómico / Perception of body image in preadolescents of northern Mexico: gender and socioeconomic status

La presente investigación es de tipo cuantitativa con diseño no experimental, transversal y retrospectiva. Se realiza en preadolescentes de educación básica de nivel primaria del norte de México; la muestra estuvo constituida por 992 sujetos, 500 niñas y 492 niños. Rescata la percepción corporal: imagen real, ideal, social, futura, inconformidad corporal, expectativa corporal, distorsión corporal social e idealización corporal, en relación a las variables de género y nivel socioeconómico; para lo que se utiliza como instrumento de medición la escala Body Image Assessment (BIAS), versión informatizada de la versión original. Los resultados obtenidos muestran, aunque no de manera contundente, en relación al género, que las niñas son más vulnerables a problemáticas relacionadas con la imagen corporal, así como los preadolescentes, niños y niñas, del nivel socioeconómico alto.

The present investigation is of a quantitative type with a non-experimental, transversal and retrospective design. The sample consisted of 992 subjects, 500 girls and 492 boys. This is done in primary school with pre-teens in northern Mexico. It rescues the corporal perception: real, ideal, social, future image, corporal nonconformity, corporal expectation, social corporal distortion and corporal idealization, in relation to the variables of gender and socioeconomic level; for what is used as a measuring instrument the computerized version of the original Body Image Assessment (BIAS). The results obtained show, although not overwhelmingly, in relation to gender, that girls are more vulnerable to problems related to body image, as well as preadolescents, boys and girls, of a high socioeconomic level.

An exploratory study of forgiveness' place into the interpersonal conflicts of pre-teenagers / Estudo exploratório sobre o lugar do perdão nos conflitos interpessoais de pré-adolescentes / Estudio exploratorio sobre el lugar que ocupa el perdón en los conflictos interpersonales de pre-adolescentes

Forgiveness, besides being a controversial issue among researchers in terms of its nature, has not been studied in younger age groups, and neither related to the conflict situations faced by this population. This study aimed to fill this gap, seeking relationships among pre-teens' strategies to solve conflicts and forgiveness, as well their conceptions about the act and possible relationships with characteristics like religion practice, gender. Therefore, we collected information about pre-teens' conflict resolution strategies as well religion, the types of situations and persons considered forgivable, and regarding themselves, when and how would they ask for forgiveness. It was found that, although the participants have accurate concepts of forgiveness, the occurrence of such an act in terms of situations and circumstances considered forgivable is not yet related to their conflict resolution strategies. On the other hand, some results related to forgiveness contribute to a better understanding of preteens' interpersonal conflicts. (AU)

O perdão, além de objeto de controvérsia entre pesquisadores, não tem sido estudado em amostras mais jovens e relacionado aos conflitos enfrentados por esta população. Esta pesquisa visou a preencher essa lacuna, buscando relações entre estratégias de resolução de conflitos de pré-adolescentes e ocorrência de perdão, bem como suas concepções sobre o ato e sua associação com religião, sexo, etc. Foram coletados por meio de questionários aplicados em 291 pré-adolescentes dados sobre religião praticada, resolução de dez conflitos interpessoais, tipos de ofensa consideradas perdoáveis, com que pessoas, e com relação a si próprio, quando pediria perdão e como procederia. Verificou-se que embora tenham concepções pertinentes sobre o perdão, a ocorrência de tal ato em termos de situações e circunstâncias consideradas perdoáveis ainda não tem relação com as estratégias de resolução de conflito escolhidas. Por outro lado, alguns resultados relacionados a concepções sobre perdão contribuem para a melhor compreensão dos conflitos interpessoais de pré-adolescentes. (AU)

El perdón, además de tema de controversia entre investigadores, no ha sido estudiado en muestras más jóvenes, y tampoco relacionado a los conflictos enfrentados por esa población. Esta investigación pretende llenar este vacío, buscando relaciones entre las estrategias de solución de conflictos entre pre-adolescentes y ocurrencia de perdón, así como concepciones sobre el acto y su asociación con religión, sexo, etc. Fueron recogidos, por medio de un cuestionario aplicado en una muestra de 291 pre-adolescentes, datos sobre religión practicada, solución de diez conflictos interpersonales, tipos de ofensas consideradas perdonables, con qué personas, con relación a sí mismos, cuándo pedirían perdón y la forma en que procederían. Se verificó que aunque tengan conceptos pertinentes sobre perdón, la ocurrencia de tal acto en términos de situaciones y circunstancias consideradas perdonables, todavía no tiene relación con las estrategias de solución del conflicto elegidas. Por otro lado, algunos resultados relacionados a conceptos sobre perdón contribuyen para una mejor comprensión de los conflictos interpersonales de pre-adolescentes. (AU)

Is expressive writing effective in decreasing depression and increasing forgiveness and emotional wellbeing of preadolescents? / La escritura expresiva: ¿un método eficaz para reducir la depresión y facilitar el perdón y el bienestar de los preadolescentes?

Expressive writing (EW) can be an effective way to alter maladaptive emotional reactions to stressful life events, although little is known about how pre-adolescents may benefit from it. In this quasi-experimental study, we compared measures of depression, anger, forgiveness, positive and negative affect in pre-adolescents before and after EW in both an experimental group undergoing the EW paradigm and a control group (N=138). No significant effects between control and experimental groups were found for the considered variables, except for positive and negative affect. We suggest potential reasons accounting for these results. Given that the theorised mechanisms involved in the EW paradigm include executive functioning abilities, it is possible that preadolescents may not be able to benefit from it, due to not fully developed executive functioning skills. Our results provide useful information in order to better design future studies and prevention/intervention programmes to be implemented with preadolescents.

La Escritura Expresiva (EE) puede ser una forma efectiva de alterar reacciones emocionales maladaptativas a eventos estresantes de la vida, aunque se sabe poco sobre cómo los pre-adolescentes pueden beneficiarse de ella. En este estudio cuasi-experimental, comparamos medidas de depresión, ira, perdón, afecto positivo y negativo en pre-adolescentes antes y después de EE en un grupo experimental sometido al paradigma de EE y en un grupo de control (N=138). No se encontraron efectos significativos entre los grupos control y experimental para las variables consideradas, excepto para los afectos positivos y negativos. Sugerimos posibles razones para explicar estos resultados. Dado que los mecanismos teóricos implicados en el paradigma de la EE incluyen las capacidades de funcionamiento ejecutivo, es posible que los preadolescentes no puedan beneficiarse de ella, debido a las habilidades de funcionamiento ejecutivo no totalmente desarrolladas. Nuestros resultados proporcionan información útil para un mejor diseño de futuros estudios y programas de prevención / intervención a implementar con preadolescentes.

Formación en valores sociales en adolescentes que juegan Grand Theft Auto V / Formation of social values in adolescents that play Grand Theft Auto V / Formação de valores sociais em adolescentes que jogam Grand Theft Auto V

Objeto: comprensión de las relaciones entre los preadolescentes y las nuevas prácticas comunicativas en las redes informáticas, respecto a la construcción de valores sociales que se propician mediante su participación en los videojuegos colaborativos, en una observación en adolescentes con el videojuego Grand Theft Auto V (GTA V). Metodología: es un estudio cualitativo, con herramientas etnográficas, apoyado por una encuesta tipo Likert, con estudiantes de un colegio de Bogotá. Resultados y conclusiones: Los estudiantes diferencian con claridad el contexto valorativo del juego y el de la vida real. Los valores sociales como el respeto, la solidaridad, la otredad y el cumplimiento de las normas tienen significaciones diferentes en el juego y en la vida. La familia es la fuente de valores más reconocida en la vida real. Se extraen enseñanzas del mundo avieso del juego.

Objective: To understand the relationships between pre-adolescents and new communicative practices in computer networks in terms of the construction of social values that are fostered through their participation in collaborative video games by observing adolescents playing the Grand Theft Auto V (GTA V) video game. Methodology: This is a qualitative study that used ethnographic tools supported by a Likert type survey with students from a school in Bogotá. Results and conclusions: Students clearly differentiate between the values context of the game and values in real life. Social values such as respect, solidarity, otherness and compliance have different meanings in the game compared to their lives. The family is the most recognized source of values for these students in real life while students gain learning experiences from the world of the game.

Objeto: compreensão das relações entre os pré-adolescentes e novas práticas comunicativas em redes de computadores, em relação à construção de valores sociais que se propiciam através da participação em jogos colaborativos, a partir de uma observação em adolescentes com o vídeo game Grand Theft Auto V (GTA V). Metodologia: estudo qualitativo com ferramentas etnográficas, apoiado por uma entrevista de tipo Likert com estudantes de uma escola em Bogotá. Resultados e conclusões: Os alunos diferenciam claramente o contexto avaliativo do jogo e da vida real. Valores sociais como o respeito, a solidariedade, a alteridade e conformidade têm significados diferentes no jogo e na vida. A família é a fonte de valores mais reconhecida da vida real. Extraem-se ensinamentos do mundo destorcido do jogo.

Síntomas somáticos en preadolescentes de 10 a 12 años con sobrepeso u obesidad / Somatic symptoms in preadolescents aged 10-12 years with overweight or obesity

Resumen: INTRODUCCIÓN: Numerosos estudios han relacionado la obesidad y el sobrepeso con síntomas físicos, psicológicos y sociales, pero son escasos los trabajos que examinan la presencia de síntomas somáticos en niños con exceso de peso. OBJETIVO: Conocer si existen diferencias en la manifestación de síntomas somáticos en preadolescentes de 10 a 12 años en función de su categoría ponderal (normopeso y sobrepeso/obesidad), así como en otras variables relacionadas con la enfermedad (veces en el último mes que han estado enfermos, que han acudido al médico o que han faltado a clase por estar enfermos y existencia de enfermedades en los miembros de su familia). MÉTODO: Se trata de un estudio transversal de casos y controles en el que participaron 668 preadolescentes, de los que 301 presentaban normopeso y 367 exceso de peso (obesidad o sobrepeso). Los participantes completaron el Children's Somatization Inventory que examina la presencia de síntomas gastrointestinales, pseudoneurológicos y dolor. Para el análisis de los datos se llevó a cabo un análisis multivariado de la varianza. RESULTADOS: No se hallaron diferencias significativas en función de la categoría ponderal en la manifestación de síntomas somáticos. Las diferencias fueron significativas únicamente en función del sexo, presentando las niñas más síntomas gastrointestinales que los niños (F [1,666] = 8.71; p = .003). Al examinar la sintomatología en cada subgrupo, se hallaron diferencias entre los niños con normopeso y obesidad/sobrepeso, mostrando estos últimos más falta de energía o cansancio (χ2 = 5.35; p < .05), dificultad para respirar (χ2 = 7.51; p < .01), convulsiones (χ2 = 4.12; p < .05) y mala digestión (χ2 = 4.89; p < .05). Además, fue mayor el porcentaje de niños con normopeso que no tiene ningún familiar enfermo respecto a los que presentaron obesidad o sobrepeso (χ2 = 2.47; p < .01). DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN: En su conjunto, los resultados confirman la necesidad de valorar de forma exhaustiva y multidisciplinar la sintomatología física y psicológica de los niños y niñas obesos y con sobrepeso, para poder ofrecer una intervención exitosa, no sólo centrada en la reducción de peso, sino en la mejora de su calidad de vida.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Numerous studies have linked obesity and overweight with physical, psychological and social symptoms, but few of them have examined the presence of somatic symptoms in children or adolescents with obesity or overweight. OBJECTIVE: To examine somatic symptoms in preadolescents from 10 to 12 years old depending on their weight category (normal weight and overweight/obesity), as well as other variables related to the disease (times that preadolescents had been sick, had gone to the doctor or had been absent to class for having a disease in the last month, and existence of diseases in the members of their family). METHOD: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 668 pre-adolescents; 301 of them showed normal weight and 367 showed overweight or obesity. They completed the Children's Somatization Inventory that examines gastrointestinal symptoms, pseudoneurological symptoms, and pain. A multivariate analysis of the variance was performed to analyse the data. RESULTS: No significant differences in gastrointestinal symptoms, pseudoneurological symptoms and pain in function of the weight category were found. Differences were only significant in function of gender, showing girls more gastrointestinal symptoms than boys (F [1,666] = 8.71; p = .003). When examining each somatic symptom, differences were found depending on the weight category, showing participants with overweight or obesity more fatigue (χ2 = 5.35; p < .05), breathing problems (χ2 = 7.51; p < .01), seizures (χ2 = 4.12; p < .05), and poor digestion (χ2 = 4.89; p < .05). The percentage of participants with overweight or obesity who had a sick relative was higher comparing to those with normal weight (χ2 = 2.47; p < .01). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Overall, the results highlight the importance of examining physical and psychological symptoms in pre-adolescents with overweight or obesity to develop a successful intervention focused not only on the weight reduction but also in the improvement of their quality of life.

Sobrepeso y obesidad en preadolescentes mexicanos: estudio descriptivo, variables correlacionadas y directrices de prevención / Overweight and obesity in Mexican preadolescents: a descriptive study, correlated variables and prevention guidelines / Sobrepeso e obesidade em pré-adolescentes mexicanos: estudo descritivo, variáveis correlacionadas e diretrizes de prevenção

El sobrepeso y la obesidad representan serios problemas de salud pública. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y correlacional de variables asociadas al sobrepeso y la obesidad en preadolescentes mexicanos escolarizados en México DF. Se valoró la Autoestima general (LAWSEQ, por sus siglas en inglés), Autoestima corporal (BES, por sus siglas en inglés), Actitudes hacia la alimentación (ChEAT, por sus siglas en iglés) e Imagen corporal (BIA, por sus siglas en inglés) y comparaciones por género y edad. La muestra fue de 600 alumnos, niños y niñas de entre nueve y doce años. Se encontró una baja autoestima general (más baja en las niñas y en los participantes de mayor edad) y corporal y una buena actitud hacia la alimentación. Los participantes se percibieron y creyeron ser vistos con sobrepeso y obesidad, pero a futuro e idealmente desearon figuras más delgadas. Se propone que los programas de prevención contemplen educación para la salud, actividad física, control de aspectos genéticos, actitudes funcionales (tendientes a una buena autoestima y actitudes positivas hacia la comida sana), e involucramiento de la familia y el entorno social.

Overweight and obesity are serious public health problems. A descriptive and correlational study of variables associated with overweight and obesity of Mexican school preadolescents in Mexico DF was performed. General self-esteem (LAWSEQ, for its English acronym), body esteem (BES, for its English acronym), Attitudes towards food (ChEAT, for its English acronym) and body image (BIA, for its English acronym) were assessed and comparisons by gender and age were drawn. The sample was formed by 600 students, boys and girls aged between nine and twelve. A general low self-esteem and body esteem (lower in girls and in older participants) as well as a good attitude toward eating were found. Participants perceived themselves and believed they were seen as overweight and obese but ideally they wanted thinner figures in the future. Prevention programs are proposed to include health education, physical activity, genetic control, functional attitudes (geared toward generating good self-esteem and positive attitudes toward healthy eating), as well as involvement of the family and social environment.

O sobrepeso e a obesidade representam sérios problemas de saúde pública. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo e correlacional de variáveis associadas ao sobrepeso e a obesidade em pré-adolescentes mexicanos escolarizados em México DF. Avaliou-se a Autoestima general (LAWSEQ, por suas siglas em inglês), Autoestima corporal (BES, por suas siglas em inglês), Atitudes com respeito à alimentação (ChEAT, por suas siglas em inglês) e Imagem corporal (BIA, por suas siglas em inglês) e comparações por gênero e idade. A amostra foi de 600 alunos, meninos e meninas entre nove e doze anos. Encontrou-se uma baixa autoestima geral (mais baixa nas meninas e nos participantes de maior idade ) e corporal e uma boa atitude com relação à alimentação. Os participantes se perceberam e acreditaram ser vistos com sobrepeso e obesidade, mas a futuro e idealmente desejaram figuras mais magras. Propõe-se que os programas de prevenção contemplem educação para a saúde, atividade física, controle de aspectos genéticos, atitudes funcionais (tendentes a uma boa autoestima e atitudes positivas com respeito à comida saudável), e envolvimento da família e do entorno social.

Sugar Sweetened Beverages Consumption in Preadolescent Children: 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D and Bone Mineral Density Affection.

Objective: To study the effect of heavy consumption of sugar sweetened beverages on serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) level and bone mineral density (BMD) in preadolescents. Study Design: Case-control. Place and Duration of Study: Outpatient clinic in Children`s hospital, Ain Shams University, between September, 2009 and July, 2010. Methods: A questionnaire to define the frequency of beverage consumption was filled by one thousand children within the age range of 8-12 years. Fifty children were selected from the heavy sugar sweetened beverages consumers and were compared to 50 clinically healthy age and sex matched children who gave no history of more than average sugar sweetened beverages intake. Each enrolled case filled a questionnaire that assesses duration of beverage intake, frequency and type as well as milk consumption. Questions concerning symptoms of pain, limitation of movement and fractures were also included. Anthropometric measurements were taken. Serum calcium and phosphorus were measured as well as the circulating 25OHD and dual-emission xray absorptiometry scan assessed their BMD Z-score. Results: Children who heavily consumed the sugar sweetened beverages had significantly lower 25 (OH) vitamin D, and BMD Z-score as compared to the controls (t= 4.05, P<0.001 and t= 3.73, P<0.001, respectively). There was significant negative correlations between duration of beverage intake and both BMD Z-score and 25OHD among heavy sugar sweetened beverage consumers(r=0.38, P=0.01 and r=0.4, P<0.001, respectively). A significant negative correlation was detected between duration of beverage intake and serum calcium among heavy sugar sweetened beverage consumers (r = -0.46 and P<0.001) and significant positive correlation between BMD Zscore and 25OHD among them (r = 0.69 and P<0.001). Conclusion: Sugar sweetened beverages intake is associated with a decrease in 25OHD which contributes to low bone mineralization in preadolescents and the duration of intake is the most determinant factor for this association. Consumption of carbonated beverages had more hazardous effect on 25OHD and BMD than packed fruit juice while milk intake showed an opposite effect. We recommend more awareness programs for preadolescents and their parents whether at school or as a part of national campaigns to boost healthy trends in beverage consumption.

Capacidad Discriminante y Clasificación Correcta de la Escala de Factores de riesgo Asociados con Trastornos de la alimentación (EFRATA-II) / Discriminatory power and correct classification of the Scale of Risk Factors Associated with Eating Disorders (EPHRATA-II)

El objetivo del estudio fue establecer la capacidad discriminante y de clasificación correcta de la Escala de Factores de Riesgo Asociados con Trastornos Alimentarios (EFRATA-II), para niños y niñas. La muestra no aleatoria quedó formada por 934 estudiantes de escuelas públicas: 474 niñas y 460 niños con edad promedio de 10.6 años (DE = .80). El análisis discriminante, con el método D de Mahalanobis, arrojó una clasificación correcta de 100% de los casos en alto y bajo riesgo. La dimensión de sobre ingesta alimentaria por compensación psicológica fue la más relevante, seguida por la de dieta crónica y restringida. La EFRATA-II es un indicador adecuado para la estimación de factores de riesgo en la conducta alimentaria de preadolescentes, y representa una aportación valiosa en el desarrollo de programas preventivos para trastornos de la alimentación.

The increased frequency of binge eating behavior, and its relationship to overweight and obesity, expressed a national and international real health problem. The aim of the study was to establish the discriminatory and correct classification of the Scale of Risk Factors Associated with Eating Disorders (Ephrata-II), for boys and girls. The non random sample was formed by 934 public school students: 474 girls and 460 boys with a mean age of 10.6 years (SD=.80). Discriminant analysis with Mahalanobis D method, yielded a correct classification of 100% of cases at high and low risk. The food overeating dimension of psychological compensation was the most relevant, followed by chronic restricted diet. The Ephrata-II is a suitable indicator for estimation of risk factors in eating behavior of tweens, and represents a valuable contribution in the development of prevention programs for eating disorders.

Edad, Consciencia e Interiorización del Ideal Corporal como Predictores de Insatisfacción y Conductas Alimentarias Anómalas / Idade, Consciência e Interiorização do Ideal Corporal como Preditores de Insatisfação e Condutas Alimentares Anômalas / Age, Awareness and Internalization of Body Ideal as Predictors of Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating Behaviors

Este estudio indaga si la edad, la consciencia y la interiorización del ideal corporal predicen la insatisfacción corporal y las conductas alimentarias anómalas, en una muestra de 144 mujeres y 138 hombres, en dos grupos de diferentes edades (9-12 y 13-15 años). Para tal fin se aplicaron tres cuestionarios: Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal, Test Infantil de Actitudes Alimentarias y Cuestionario de Actitudes Socioculturales hacia la Apariencia. Mediante un modelo hipotético, que se probó a través de un path análisis, se concluye que la edad es un predictor directo de la insatisfacción corporal y las conductas alimentarias anómalas en los hombres, mientras que la interiorización del ideal corporal es el principal predictor de la insatisfacción corporal en ambos sexos.

The aim of this study was to examine whether age, awareness, and internalization of body ideal predict body dissatisfaction and abnormal eating behaviors in men and women. An intentional, non-probabilistic sample of 144 women and 138 men was divided into two different age groups (9-12 and 13-15) that had to respond to the following questionnaires: Body Shape Questionnaire, Children's Eating Attitudes Test and Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire - Revised. A hypothetical model tested through path analysis made it possible to conclude that age is a direct predictor of body dissatisfaction and abnormal eating behaviors in men, while the internalization of the body ideal is the main predictor of body dissatisfaction in both genders.

Este estudo indaga se a idade, a consciência e a interiorização do ideal corporal predizem a insatisfação corporal e as condutas alimentares anômalas, em uma amostra de 144 mulheres e 138 homens, em dois grupos de diferentes idades (9-12 e 13-15 anos). Para tal fim, aplicaram-se três questionários: Questionário de Imagem Corporal, Teste Infantil de Atitudes Alimentares e Questionário de Atitudes Socioculturais direcionadas à Aparência. Mediante um modelo hipotético, que se provou por meio de um path análise, conclui-se que a idade é um preditor direto da insatisfação corporal e as condutas alimentares anômalas nos homens, enquanto a interiorização do ideal corporal é o principal preditor da insatisfação corporal em ambos os sexos.

Body dissatisfaction in children and preadolescents: A systematic review / Insatisfacción corporal en niños y preadolescentes: Una revisión sistemática

Body dissatisfaction has been extensively studied in populations of all ages, however, no revisions to provide information about what has been found, inconsistencies, limitations and possible direction future research should take in children and preadolescents. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to conduct a systematic review of body dissatisfaction in children and preadolescents. To fulfill this purpose, we conducted a search in the databases of MEDLINE, Science Direct and Scopus, with the following keywords: body dissatisfaction, body perception, self-evaluation, body concept, preadolescents, and preteen children in different combinations, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria were analyzed 63 articles. In the studies reviewed there is no consensus about the approach of body dissatisfaction, are permeated by methodological problems, mainly in the way that is evaluated in childhood because of the difficulty of children to understand the assessment tools, giving result in inconsistent results, further research is less in preadolescence where accurate estimation of body dissatisfaction. That is why it is considered to extend the research in children, with the inclusion of development that would create assessment methods according to age.

La insatisfacción corporal ha sido ampliamente estudiada en poblaciones de todas las edades, sin embargo, no hay revisiones que proporcionen información acerca de lo que se ha encontrado, las inconsistencias, limitaciones y la posible dirección que deben tomar futuras investigaciones en niños y preadolescentes. Por lo cual, el objetivo de este artículo fue realizar una revisión sistemática de la insatisfacción corporal en niños y preadolescentes. Para cumplir este propósito, se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en las bases de datos de MEDLINE, Science Direct y Scopus, con las siguientes palabras clave: body dissatisfaction, body perception, self-evaluation, body concept, preadolescents, preteen y children en diferentes combinaciones, de acuerdo con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se analizaron 63 artículos. En los estudios analizados no hay un consenso acerca del abordaje de la insatisfacción corporal, se encuentran permeados por problemas metodológicos, fundamentalmente en la forma en la que se evalúa en la infancia debido a la dificultad de los niños para comprender las herramientas de evaluación, obteniendo resultados inconsistentes, adicionalmente hay menos investigación que en la preadolescencia donde es precisa la estimación de la insatisfacción corporal. Es por ello que se considera extender la investigación en población infantil, con la inclusión del desarrollo que permitiría crear métodos de evaluación de acuerdo a la edad.

Body image distortion in fifth and sixth grade students may lead to stress, depression, and undesirable dieting behavior

The widespread pursuit of a thin physique may have a detrimental impact on the wellbeing of preadolescents. The influence of body image distortions on the lifestyles, dieting behaviors, and psychological factors was investigated in 631 fifth and sixth grade children in Kyeonggi-do, Korea. Children were classified into three weight groups (underweight, normal, and overweight) and three perception groups (underestimation, normal, and overestimation). Necessary information was obtained by questionnaire, and each subject's weight status was determined by the Rohrer index calculated from the annual measurement records, which were obtained from the school. According to their current weights, 57.4% of children were normal and 32.2% were overweight or obese, 16.6% of the children overestimated their body weight, and 55.2% had an undistorted body image. Overweight children had desirable lifestyles and dietary habits and presented reasonable weight control behaviors. Compared to those without distortion, the overestimated group had greater interest in weight control (P = 0.003) and dissatisfaction with their body weights (P = 0.011), presented unhealthy reasons to lose weight (P = 0.026), and had higher scores for "feeling sad when comparing own body with others" (P = 0.000) and for "easily getting annoyed and tired" (P = 0.037), even though they had similar obesity indices. More subjects from the overestimation group (P = 0.006) chose drama/movies as their favorite TV programs, suggesting a possible role for the media in body image distortion. These findings suggest that body image distortion can lead preadolescents to develop stress about obesity and unhealthy dieting practices, despite similar obesity indices to those without distorted body images. These results emphasize the importance of having an undistorted body image.

The Survival of Osteosarcoma Patients 10 Years Old or Younger Is Not Worse than the Survival of Older Patients: A Retrospective Analysis / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess whether a young age at the time of diagnosis with osteosarcoma has value to predict the prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-seven children with stage II osteosarcoma were stratified according to the age of 10. There were 32 preadolescents (< or =10 years) and 35 adolescents (10 < age < or = 15 years). The patients were analyzed for their clinical characteristics, the histologic response to preoperative chemotherapy, event-free survival (EFS) and the patterns of relapse. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 54 months (range: 6~153 months), the 5-year EFS of the preadolescent and adolescent groups was 64.5+/-9.3% and 58.2+/-9.1%, respectively, and age did not have any statistical significance for survival (p=0.55). Cox regression analysis revealed that both the serum level of alkaline phosphatase and the histologic response to preoperative chemotherapy were significantly related to survival of the 67 patients. Those patients aged less than 7 years responded poorly to preoperative chemotherapy and their rate of amputation was 43%. However, their 5-year EFS was not statistically different from the older patients (57.1+/-18.7 vs 67.7+/-6.3%, respectively, p=0.58). CONCLUSIONS: We could not find any statistical difference in the clinical characteristics and survival from osteosarcoma for the preadolescents and adolescents, so the current approach of having the same protocol for both groups of patients seems to be reasonable.

Fantasias sexuais e edípicas em pré-adolescentes atendidos em grupo de psicoterapia lúdica / Sexual and oedipal fantasies in preadolescents assisted in play group therapy

A partir de conceitos advindos da teoria psicanalítica, objetiva-se identificar, descrever, discutir e analisar expressões de fantasias inconscientes edípicas e sexuais, ocorridas em um grupo de ludoterapia de pré-adolescentes. Este grupo funcionou segundo o referencial psicodinâmico, por dois anos, em um ambulatório de um serviço público; era aberto e constituído por crianças de ambos os sexos, de 10 e 11 anos de idade. Na pesquisa, utilizou-se o método clínico-qualitativo. As fantasias de conteúdos sexuais estiveram presentes em grande número de sessões. Já as fantasias edípicas eram menos freqüentes e menos evidentes, pois eram recalcadas ou apareciam de forma velada, quase sempre na transferência com as terapeutas e com outras crianças. Observaram-se expressões de fantasias inconscientes de união com o progenitor do sexo oposto, rivalidade entre irmãos e ansiedade de castração, psicodinâmica relacionada com a sexualidade e com o complexo de Édipo.

Starting from concepts originated from the psychoanalytic theory, the objective is to identify, to describe, to discuss and to analyze expressions of unconscious oedipal and sexual fantasies that took place in a play therapy group of preadolescents. This out-patient group worked according to the psychodynamic reference for two years, it was open and constituted by male and female children, with ages of ten and eleven years old. The clinical-qualitative method was utilized in the research. Sexual fantasies were present in a significant number of sessions. On the other hand, oedipal fantasies were less frequent and less evident, since they usually were repressed or unclear, almost always in the transference of therapists and of the children. Unconscious fantasy expressions of union with the progenitor of the opposite sex were observed, as well as competition among siblings and anxiety of castration.

Body Image, Body Satisfaction and Dieting Behavior in Japanese Preadolescents: The Toyama Birth Cohort Study

Objectives: To examine the relationships between body image, body satisfaction and dieting behavior in the context of pubertal changes in Japanese preadolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study of dieting behavior among 5,244 preadolescents (2,452 boys and 2,792 girls aged 12–13) born in Toyama prefecture. Results: The percentages of those who perceived themselves fat, wanted to be thinner, and had tried dieting, which increased with body mass index (BMI), were significantly higher in girls than in boys (34.2% vs. 20.0%, 58.0% vs. 26.0%, and 17.3% vs. 5.7%, respectively). Independent of sex and BMI, those who wanted to be thinner and those who had tried dieting were more frequently observed in those who perceived themselves fat, and those who had tried dieting were more frequently observed in those who wanted to be thinner. Pubertal changes were significantly associated with dieting behavior, but their relationships to body image and body satisfaction differed between sexes; for boys, those who perceived themselves fat were more frequently observed in those without pubertal changes; whereas for girls, those who wanted to be thinner were more frequently observed in those with pubertal changes. Conclusions: Dieting behavior of Japanese preadolescents was associated with whether they perceived themselves fat and wanted to be thinner, sometimes independent of whether they were actually overweight. Pubertal changes might induce a positive perspective of growing fat among boys and a desire to be thinner among girls, with the consequence that dieting behavior would be reinforced in those with pubertal changes.

Body image, body satisfaction and dieting behavior in Japanese preadolescents: The Toyama birth cohort study

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To examine the relationships between body image, body satisfaction and dieting behavior in the context of pubertal changes in Japanese preadolescents.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cross-sectional study of dieting behavior among 5,244 preadolescents (2,452 boys and 2,792 girls aged 12-13) born in Toyama prefecture.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The percentages of those who perceived themselves fat, wanted to be thinner, and had tried dieting, which increased with body mass index (BMI), were significantly higher in girls than in boys (34.2% vs. 20.0%, 58.0% vs. 26.0%, and 17.3% vs. 5.7%, respectively). Independent of sex and BMI, those who wanted to be thinner and those who had tried dieting were more frequently observed in those who perceived themselves fat, and those who had tried dieting were more frequently observed in those who wanted to be thinner. Pubertal changes were significantly associated with dieting behavior, but their relationships to body image and body satisfaction differed between sexes; for boys, those who perceived themselves fat were more frequently observed in those without pubertal changes; whereas for girls, those who wanted to be thinner were more frequently observed in those with pubertal changes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Dieting behavior of Japanese preadolescents was associated with whether they perceived themselves fat and wanted to be thinner, sometimes independent of whether they were actually overweight. Pubertal changes might induce a positive perspective of growing fat among boys and a desire to be thinner among girls, with the consequence that dieting behavior would be reinforced in those with pubertal changes.</p>

Body image and body satisfaction play important roles in the path to dieting behavior in Japanese preadolescents: The Toyama birth cohort study

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To analyze the path to dieting behavior in Japanese preadolescents.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cross-sectional study of dieting behavior among 5,244 preadolescents (2,452 boys and 2,792 girls aged 12-13) born in Toyama prefecture.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>While increasing with body mass index (BMI), the percentage of those who had tried dieting was higher in those who perceived themselves fat than in those who perceived themselves thin or average. Of those who wanted to be thinner, 16.1% of boys and 26.8% of girls had tried dieting. Path analysis in nonobese subjects (2,116 boys and 2,334 girls) showed that (1) body image was primarily based on BMI, (2) body image led to body dissatisfaction, and (3) body dissatisfaction led to dieting behavior. Pubertal changes had a significant effect on body image (path coefficient <0)for boys and body satisfaction (path coefficient >0) for girls, in addition to that on BMI. Maternal BMI had a significant effect on BMI but not on body image, body satisfaction, or dieting behavior.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Body image and body satisfaction play important roles in the path to dieting behavior in Japanese preadolescents. Pubertal changes may reinforce dieting behavior, but the mechanism may differ by sex.</p>

Body Image and Body Satisfaction Play Important Roles in the Path to Dieting Behavior in Japanese Preadolescents: The Toyama Birth Cohort Study

Objectives: To analyze the path to dieting behavior in Japanese preadolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study of dieting behavior among 5,244 preadolescents (2,452 boys and 2,792 girls aged 12-13) born in Toyama prefecture. Results: While increasing with body mass index (BMI), the percentage of those who had tried dieting was higher in those who perceived themselves fat than in those who perceived themselves thin or average. Of those who wanted to be thinner, 16.1% of boys and 26.8% of girls had tried dieting. Path analysis in nonobese subjects (2,116 boys and 2,334 girls) showed that (1) body image was primarily based on BMI, (2) body image led to body dissatisfaction, and (3) body dissatisfaction led to dieting behavior. Pubertal changes had a significant effect on body image (path coefficient <0) for boys and body satisfaction (path coefficient >0) for girls, in addition to that on BMI. Maternal BMI had a significant effect on BMI but not on body image, body satisfaction, or dieting behavior. Conclusions: Body image and body satisfaction play important roles in the path to dieting behavior in Japanese preadolescents. Pubertal changes may reinforce dieting behavior, but the mechanism may differ by sex.